International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders transfers to Wiley-Blackwell from 2011

- Transferring Publisher: Informa
- Transferring Publisher contact name: Margaret Quirke
- Transferring Publisher contact email: margaret.quirke@informa.com
- Journal Title: International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders
- ISSN: 1368-2822
- Receiving Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell
- Receiving Publisher contact name: Vinojan Kugathasan
- Receiving Publisher contact email: vkugathasa@wiley.com
- Effective Transfer Date: January 2011

British Actuarial Journal transfers to Cambridge University Press from 2011

Transferring Publisher: Self Published: The Faculty of Actuaries and the Institute of Actuaries

Transferring Publisher Contact Name: Sally Grover

Transferring Publisher Contact Email: Sally.Grover@actuaries.org.uk

Society (if applicable): The Faculty of Actuaries and the Institute of Actuaries

Journal Title: British Actuarial Journal

Print ISSN: 1357-3217
Online ISSN: 2044-0456

Receiving Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Receiving Publisher Contact Name: Sam Murphy

Receiving Publisher Contact Email: smurphy@cambridge.org

Effective Transfer Date: 01 Jan 2011

Archival Access Policies: Content, including archive will be available through Cambridge University Press

Special Circumstances: Bundled online and print and online-only subscriptions available. No separate rate for individuals. Special arrangements exist for members of Institute and Faculty of Actuaries. BAJ is available on its own or as part of an 'Actuarial Science Package' with AAS

Annals of Actuarial Science transfers to Cambridge University Press from 2011

Transferring Publisher: Self Published: The Faculty of Actuaries and the Institute of Actuaries

Transferring Publisher Contact Name: Sally Grover

Transferring Publisher Contact Email: Sally.Grover@actuaries.org.uk

Society (if applicable): The Faculty of Actuaries and the Institute of Actuaries

Journal Title: Annals of Actuarial Science

Print ISSN: 1748-4995
Online ISSN: 1748-5002

Receiving Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Receiving Publisher Contact Name: Sam Murphy

Receiving Publisher Contact Email: smurphy@cambridge.org

Effective Transfer Date: 01 Jan 2011

Archival Access Policies: Content, including archive will be available through Cambridge University Press

Special Circumstances: Bundled online and print and online-only subscriptions available. No separate rate for individuals. Special arrangements exist for members of Institute and Faculty of Actuaries. AAS is available on its own or as part of an 'Actuarial Science Package' with BAJ

Business History Review transfers to Cambridge University Press from 2011

Transferring Publisher: Self Published: The President and Fellows of Harvard College, on Behalf of Harvard Business School

Transferring Publisher Contact Name: Walter Friedman

Transferring Publisher Contact Email: wfriendman@hbs.edu

Society (if applicable):

Journal Title: Business History Review

Print ISSN: 0007-6805
Online ISSN: 2044-768X

Receiving Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Receiving Publisher Contact Name: Sam Murphy

Receiving Publisher Contact Email: smurphy@cambridge.org

Effective Transfer Date: 01 Jan 2011

Archival Access Policies: Content, including archive will be available through Cambridge University Press

Special Circumstances: Only available as a print plus online bundle for institutions. Print only rate available for individuals. Special rates are available for students, Harvard Business School alumni and members of Association of Business Historians, Business History Conference, Business History Society of Japan, European Business History Association and German Association for Business Historians

'Psychology Learning and Teaching' transfers to Symposium Journals from 2011

Transferring Publisher: Higher Education Academy Psychology Network/University of York

Transferring Publisher Contact Name: Annie Trapp

Transferring Publisher Contact Email: a.trapp@psych.york.ac.uk

Society: Higher Education Academy Psychology Network

Journal Title: Psychology Learning and Teaching

ISSN: 1475-7257

Receiving Publisher: Symposium Journals Ltd www.symposium-journals.co.uk

Receiving Publisher Contact Name: Roger Osborn-King

Receiving Publisher Contact Email: rok@symposium-journals.co.uk

Effective Transfer Date: 1 January 2011

Archival Access Policies: Content, including full archive, will be available from November 2010 through Symposium Journals at www.wwwords.co.uk/PLAT

Special Circumstances: from 2011 only available as online (previously print + online)

British Scholar transfers to Edinburgh University Press from 2011

- Transferring Publisher: British Scholar Society

- Transferring Publisher contact name: Bryan S. Glass

- Transferring Publisher contact email: bryan.s.glass@britishscholar.org

- Society (if applicable): British Scholar Society

- Journal Title: 'British Scholar', to be re-titled 'Britain and the World' from 2011

- ISSN: 2043-8567

- E-ISSN: 2043-8575

- Receiving Publisher: Edinburgh University Press

- Receiving Publisher contact name: Sarah Edwards, Head of Journals

- Receiving Publisher contact email: Sarah.Edwards@eup.ed.ac.uk

- Effective Transfer Date: 1 January 2011

- Archival access policies: back issues to Volume 1 will be available with a current subscription from EUP Journals Online (www.eupjournals.com/brw)

- Notes on any special circumstances: please note name change (see above)

Geotechnik transfers to Wiley-Blackwell from 2011

- Transferring Publisher: VGE Verlag GmbH, Essen
- Society (if applicable): Deutsche Gesellschaft für Geotechnik e. V.
- Journal Title: Geotechnik
- ISSN: 0172-6145
- Receiving Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell
- Receiving Publisher contact name: Vinojan Kugathasan
- Receiving Publisher contact email: vkugathasa@wiley.com
- Effective Transfer Date: January 2011

3 The Wildlife Society transfer titles to Wiley-Blackwell for 2011

- Transferring Publisher:Allen Press
- Transferring Publisher contact name: Karen Ridgway
- Transferring Publisher contact email: kridgway@allenpress.com
- Society (if applicable): The Wildlife Society

- Journal Title: The Journal of Wildlife Management
- ISSN: 0022-541X

- Journal Title: Wildlife Monographs
- ISSN: 0084-0173

- Journal Title: Wildlife Society Bulletin
- ISSN (online): 1938-5463

- Receiving Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell
- Receiving Publisher contact name: Rochelle Belanger
- Receiving Publisher contact email: rbelange@wiley.com
- Effective Transfer Date: January 2011

Inorganic Reaction Mechanisms transfers to De Gruyter

- Transferring Publisher: Old City Publishing, Philadelphia, PA 19123, U.S.A.
- Transferring Publisher contact name: Ian MELLANBY
- Transferring Publisher contact email: ian@oldcitypublishing.com
- Society (if applicable): none

- Journal Title: Inorganic Reaction Mechanisms
- ISSN (print): 1028-6624
- ISSN (online): 1607-8470

- Receiving Publisher: De Gruyter, Berlin, Germany
- Receiving Publisher contact name: Ariane RUECKEBEIL
- Receiving Publisher contact email: ariane.rueckebeil@degruyter.com
- Effective Transfer Date: January 01, 2011

21 Journals from Freund Publishing House transfer to De Gruyter

- Transferring Publisher: Freund Publishing House Ltd., Tel Aviv, Israel
- Transferring Publisher contact name: Shelley MATISONN
- Transferring Publisher contact email: subscriptions@freundpublishing.co.il
- Society (if applicable): none

- Journal Title: International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health
- ISSN (print): 0334-0139
- ISSN (online):2191-0278

- Journal Title: Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology
- ISSN (print): 0792-6855
- ISSN (online): 2191-0286

- Journal Title: Corrosion Reviews
- ISSN (print): 0334-6005
- ISSN (online): 2191-0316

- Journal Title: International Journal on Disability and Human Development
- ISSN (print): 1565-012X
- ISSN (online): 2191-0367

- Journal Title: Drug Metabolism and Drug Interactions
- ISSN (print): 0792-5077
- ISSN (online): 2191-0162

- Journal Title: Heterocyclic Communications
- ISSN (print): 0793-0283
- ISSN (online): 2191-0197

- Journal Title: High Temperature Materials and Processes
- ISSN (print): 0334-6455
- ISSN (online): 2191-0324

- Journal Title: International Journal for Manufacturing Science and Production
- ISSN (print): 0793-6648
- ISSN (online): 2191-0375

- Journal Title: International Journal of Nonlinear Sciences & Numerical Simulation
- ISSN (print): 1565-1339
- ISSN (online): 2191-0294

- Journal Title: International Journal of Turbo and Jet Engines
- ISSN (print): 0334-0082
- ISSN (online): 2191-0332

- Journal Title: Journal of Intelligent Systems
- ISSN (print): 0334-1860
- ISSN (online): 2191-026X

- Journal Title: Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Materials
- ISSN (print): 0334-8938
- ISSN (online): 2191-0243

- Journal Title: Journal of Polymer Engineering
- ISSN (print): 0334-6447
- ISSN (online): 2191-0340

- Journal Title: Main Group Metal Chemistry
- ISSN (print): 0792-1241
- ISSN (online): 2191-0219

- Journal Title: Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism
- ISSN (print): 0334-018X (???)
- ISSN (online): 2191-0251

- Journal Title: Reviews on Environmental Health
- ISSN (print): 0348-7554 or 0048-7554: to be clarified with ISSN Centre
- ISSN (online): 2191-0308

- Journal Title: Reviews in Analytical Chemistry
- ISSN (print): 0793-0135
- ISSN (online): 2191-0189

- Journal Title: Reviews in Chemical Engineering
- ISSN (print): 0167-8299
- ISSN (online): 2191-0235

- Journal Title: Reviews in Inorganic Chemistry
- ISSN (print): 0193-4929
- ISSN (online): 2191-0227

- Journal Title: Reviews in the Neurosciences
- ISSN (print): 0334-1763
- ISSN (online): 2191-0200

- Journal Title: Science and Engineering of Composite Materials
- ISSN (print): 0792-1233
- ISSN (online): 2191-0359

- Receiving Publisher: De Gruyter, Berlin, Germany
- Receiving Publisher contact name: Ariane RUECKEBEIL
- Receiving Publisher contact email: ariane.rueckebeil@degruyter.com
- Effective Transfer Date: January 01, 2011

REVISED: Acta Obstetricians et Gynecologica Scandinavica transfers to Wiley-Blackwell from 2011

REVISED
- Transferring Publisher: Taylor & Francis/Informa Healthcare
- Transferring Publisher contact name: Hakan Parup
- Transferring Publisher contact email: hakan.parup@informa.com
- Journal Title: Acta Obstetricians et Gynecologica Scandinavica
- ISSN: 0001-6349
- Receiving Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell
- Receiving Publisher contact name: Vinojan Kugathasan
- Receiving Publisher contact email: vkugathasa@wiley.com
- Effective Transfer Date: January 2011

Scandinavica transfers to Wiley-Blackwell from 2011

- Transferring Publisher: Taylor & Francis/Informa Healthcare
- Transferring Publisher contact name: Hakan Parup
- Transferring Publisher contact email: hakan.parup@informa.com
- Journal Title: Scandinavica
- ISSN: 0001-6349
- Receiving Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell
- Receiving Publisher contact name: Vinojan Kugathasan
- Receiving Publisher contact email: vkugathasa@wiley.com
- Effective Transfer Date: January 2011

Swiss Political Science Review transfers to Wiley-Blackwell from 2011

- Transferring Publisher: Swiss Political Science Association/Verlag Ruegger
- Journal Title: Swiss Political Science Review
- ISSN: 1424-7755
- Receiving Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell
- Receiving Publisher contact name:Vinojan Kugathasan
- Receiving Publisher contact email: vkugathasa@wiley.com
- Effective Transfer Date: January 2011

European Management Review transfers to Wiley-Blackwell from 2011

- Transferring Publisher:
- Journal Title: European Management Review
- ISSN: 1740-4754
- Receiving Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell
- Receiving Publisher contact name: Vinojan Kugathasan
- Receiving Publisher contact email: vkugathasa@wiley.com
- Effective Transfer Date: January 2011

Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry transfers to Wiley-Blackwell from 2011

- Transferring Publisher: Portland Press
- Transferring Publisher contact name: Dr. Audrey McCulloch ACMI
- Transferring Publisher contact email: Audrey.McCulloch@PortlandPress.com
- Journal Title: Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry
- ISSN: 0885-4513
- Receiving Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell
- Receiving Publisher contact name: Rochelle Belanger
- Receiving Publisher contact email: rbelange@wiley.com
- Effective Transfer Date: January 2011
- Archival access policies:
- Notes on any special circumstances:

MRS Bulletin transfers to Cambridge University Press from 2011

Transferring Publisher: Self-published: Materials Research Society

Transferring Publisher Contact Name: Gail Oare

Transferring Publisher Contact Email: oare@mrs.org

Society (if applicable): Materials Research Society

Journal Title: MRS Bulletin

Print ISSN: 0883-7694

Online ISSN: 1938-1425

Receiving Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Receiving Publisher Contact Name: Sam Murphy

Receiving Publisher Contact Email: smurphy@cambridge.org

Effective Transfer Date: 01 Jan 2011

Archival Access Policies: Content, including archive will be available through Cambridge University Press

Special Circumstances: Only available as a Print plus Online bundle.

MRS Online Proceedings Library transfers to Cambridge University Press from 2011

Transferring Publisher: Self-published: Materials Research Society

Transferring Publisher Contact Name: Gail Oare

Transferring Publisher Contact Email: oare@mrs.org

Society (if applicable): Materials Research Society

Journal Title: MRS Online Proceedings Library

Print ISSN:

Online ISSN: 1946-4274

Receiving Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Receiving Publisher Contact Name: Sam Murphy

Receiving Publisher Contact Email: smurphy@cambridge.org

Effective Transfer Date: 01 Jan 2011

Archival Access Policies: Content will be available through Cambridge University Press

Special Circumstances: Subscription buys online access to complete OPL for 1 year. Between 20 and 34 new volumes published each year. Volumes can be bought as individual print publications.

Journal of Materials Research transfers to Cambridge University Press from 2011

Transferring Publisher: Self-published: Materials Research Society

Transferring Publisher Contact Name: Gail Oare

Transferring Publisher Contact Email: oare@mrs.org

Society (if applicable): Materials Research Society

Journal Title: Journal of Materials Research

Print ISSN: 0884-2914

Online ISSN: 2044-5326

Receiving Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Receiving Publisher Contact Name: Sam Murphy

Receiving Publisher Contact Email: smurphy@cambridge.org

Effective Transfer Date: 01 Jan 2011

Archival Access Policies: Content, including archive will be available through Cambridge University Press

Ethics and International Affairs transfers to Cambridge University Press from 2011

Transferring Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell

Transferring Publisher Contact Name: Rochelle Belanger

Transferring Publisher Contact Email: rbelange@wiley.com

Society (if applicable):

Journal Title: Ethics and International Affairs

Print ISSN: 0892-6794

Online ISSN: 1747-7093

Receiving Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Receiving Publisher Contact Name: Sam Murphy

Receiving Publisher Contact Email: smurphy@cambridge.org

Effective Transfer Date: 01 Jan 2011

Archival Access Policies: Content, including archive will be available through Cambridge University Press

Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era transfers to Cambridge University Press from 2011

Transferring Publisher: Self-published: Society for Historians of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era

Transferring Publisher Contact Name: Alan Lessoff

Transferring Publisher Contact Email: ahlesso@ilstu.edu

Society (if applicable): Society for Historians of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era

Journal Title: Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era

Print ISSN: 1537-7814

Online ISSN: 1943-3557

Receiving Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Receiving Publisher Contact Name: Sam Murphy

Receiving Publisher Contact Email: smurphy@cambridge.org

Effective Transfer Date: 01 Jan 2011

Archival Access Policies: Content, including archive will be available through Cambridge University Press

Special Circumstances: Only available as a Print plus Online bundle.

Annual of the British School at Athens transfers to Cambridge University Press from 2011

Transferring Publisher: Self-published – British School at Athens

Transferring Publisher Contact Name: Jane Gillespie

Transferring Publisher Contact Email: bsa@britac.ac.uk

Society (if applicable): British School at Athens

Journal Title: Annual of the British School at Athens

Print ISSN: 0068-2454

Online ISSN: 2045-2403

Receiving Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Receiving Publisher Contact Name: Sam Murphy

Receiving Publisher Contact Email: smurphy@cambridge.org

Effective Transfer Date: 01 Jan 2011

Archival Access Policies: Content, including archive will be available through Cambridge University Press

Special Circumstances: Print-only subscriptions not available. Online option available for the first time.

Papers of the British School at Rome transfers to Cambridge University Press from 2011

Transferring Publisher: Self-published: British School at Rome

Transferring Publisher Contact Name: Gill Clarke

Transferring Publisher Contact Email: bsr@britac.ac.uk

Society (if applicable): British School at Rome

Journal Title: Papers of the British School at Rome

Print ISSN: 0068-2462

Online ISSN: 2045-239X

Receiving Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Receiving Publisher Contact Name: Sam Murphy

Receiving Publisher Contact Email: smurphy@cambridge.org

Effective Transfer Date: 01 Jan 2011

Archival Access Policies: Content, including archive will be available through Cambridge University Press

Special Circumstances: Print-only subscriptions not available. Online option available for the first time.

Kantian Review transfers to Cambridge University Press from 2011

Transferring Publisher: University of Wales Press

Transferring Publisher Contact Name: Sarah Lewis

Transferring Publisher Contact Email: s.lewis@press.wales.ac.uk

Society (if applicable):

Journal Title: Kantian Review

Print ISSN: 1369-4154

Online ISSN: 2044-2394

Receiving Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Receiving Publisher Contact Name: Sam Murphy

Receiving Publisher Contact Email: smurphy@cambridge.org

Effective Transfer Date: 01 Jan 2011

Archival Access Policies: Content, including archive will be available through Cambridge University Press

Nineteenth-Century Music Review transfers to Cambridge University Press from 2011

Transferring Publisher: Ashgate

Transferring Publisher Contact Name: Heidi Bishop

Transferring Publisher Contact Email: hbishop@ashgatepublishing.com

Society (if applicable):

Journal Title: Nineteenth-Century Music Review

Print ISSN: 1479-4098
Online ISSN: 2044-8414

Receiving Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Receiving Publisher Contact Name: Sam Murphy

Receiving Publisher Contact Email: smurphy@cambridge.org

Effective Transfer Date: 01 Jan 2011

Archival Access Policies: Content, including archive will be available through Cambridge University Press

Special Circumstances: Subscription includes online access back to volume 1, issue 1.

Africa transfers to Cambridge University Press from 2011

Transferring Publisher: Edinburgh University Press

Transferring Publisher Contact Name: Sarah Edwards

Transferring Publisher Contact Email: Sarah.Edwards@eup.ed.ac.uk

Society (if applicable): International African Institute

Journal Title: Africa

Print ISSN: 0001-9720
Online ISSN: 1750-0184

Receiving Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Receiving Publisher Contact Name: Sam Murphy

Receiving Publisher Contact Email: smurphy@cambridge.org

Effective Transfer Date: 01 Jan 2011

Archival Access Policies: Content, including archive will be available through Cambridge University Press

Special Circumstances: 'Africa' is not sold on its own to institutional subscribers. It is sold to institutions in a package with the annual 'Africa Bibliography' and is available in print, online and bundled formats in this Africa + Africa Bibliography package.

Africa Bibliography transfers to Cambridge University Press from 2011

Transferring Publisher: Edinburgh University Press

Transferring Publisher Contact Name: Sarah Edwards

Transferring Publisher Contact Email: Sarah.Edwards@eup.ed.ac.uk

Society (if applicable): International African Institute

Journal Title: Africa Bibliography

Print ISSN: 0266-6731
Online ISSN: 1757-1642

Receiving Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Receiving Publisher Contact Name: Sam Murphy

Receiving Publisher Contact Email: smurphy@cambridge.org

Effective Transfer Date: 01 Jan 2011

Archival Access Policies: Content, including archive will be available through Cambridge University Press.

Special Circumstances: The electronic component of Africa Bibliography is a fully searchable online database comprising the current volume back to 2006 and is sold separately.

Journal of American History transfers to Oxford University Press from 2011

- Transferring Publisher: Previously self-published by Organization of American Historians

- Transferring Publisher contact name: Nancy Croker

- Society: Organization of American Historians

- Journal Title: Journal of American History

- Print ISSN: 0021-8723 Online ISSN: 1945-2314

- Receiving Publisher: Oxford University Press

- Receiving Publisher contact name: Trish Thomas

- Receiving Publisher contact email: Jnls.Cust.Serv@oup.com

- Effective Transfer Date: 01 January 2011

- Archival access policies: Content, including archive, will be available through Oxford University Press (http://www.oxfordjournals.org/)

OAH Magazine of History transfers to Oxford University Press from 2011

- Transferring Publisher: Previously self-published by Organization of American Historians

- Transferring Publisher contact name: Nancy Croker

- Society (if applicable): Organization of American Historians

- Journal Title: OAH Magazine of History

- Print ISSN: 0882-228X Online ISSN: 1938-2340

- Receiving Publisher: Oxford University Press

- Receiving Publisher contact name: Trish Thomas

- Receiving Publisher contact email: Jnls.Cust.Serv@oup.com

- Effective Transfer Date: 01 January 2011

- Archival access policies: Content, including archive, will be available through Oxford University Press (http://www.oxfordjournals.org/)

Quarterly Journal of Economics transfers to Oxford University Press from 2011

- Transferring Publisher: MIT Press

- Transferring Publisher contact name: Nick Lindsay

- Society (if applicable): President and Fellows of Harvard University

- Journal Title: Quarterly Journal of Economics

- Print ISSN: 0033-5533 Online ISSN: 1531-4650

- Receiving Publisher: Oxford University Press

- Receiving Publisher contact name: Martin Green

- Receiving Publisher contact email: Jnls.Cust.Serv@oup.com

- Effective Transfer Date: 01 January 2011

- Archival access policies: Content, including archive, will be available through Oxford University Press (http://www.oxfordjournals.org/)

Review of Economic Studies transfers to Oxford University Press from 2011

- Transferring Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell

- Transferring Publisher contact name: Sophie Gillanders

- Journal Title: Review of Economic Studies

- Print ISSN: 0034-6527 Online ISSN: 1467-937X

- Receiving Publisher: Oxford University Press

- Receiving Publisher contact name: Martin Green

- Receiving Publisher contact email: Jnls.Cust.Serv@oup.com

- Effective Transfer Date: 01 January 2011

- Archival access policies: Content, including archive, will be available through Oxford University Press (http://www.oxfordjournals.org/)

Journal of Infectious Diseases transfers to Oxford University Press from 2011

- Transferring Publisher: University of Chicago Press

- Transferring Publisher contact name: Everett Connor

- Society: Infectious Diseases Society of America

- Journal Title: Journal of Infectious Diseases

- Print ISSN: 1537-6613 Online ISSN: 0022-1899

- Receiving Publisher: Oxford University Press

- Receiving Publisher contact name: Todd Hummel

- Receiving Publisher contact email: Jnls.Cust.Serv@oup.com

- Effective Transfer Date: 01 January 2011

- Archival access policies: Content, including archive, will be available through Oxford University Press (http://www.oxfordjournals.org/)

- Notes on any special circumstances: Available as a joint subscription with Clinical Infectious Diseases or on its own.

Clinical Infectious Diseases transfers to Oxford University Press from 2011

- Transferring Publisher: University of Chicago Press

- Transferring Publisher contact name: Everett Connor

- Society: Infectious Diseases Society of America

- Journal Title: Clinical Infectious Diseases

- Print ISSN: 1058-4838 Online ISSN: 1537-6591

- Receiving Publisher: Oxford University Press

- Receiving Publisher contact name: Todd Hummel

- Receiving Publisher contact email: Jnls.Cust.Serv@oup.com

- Effective Transfer Date: 01 January 2011

- Archival access policies: Content, including archive, will be available through Oxford University Press (http://www.oxfordjournals.org/)

- Notes on any special circumstances: Available as a joint subscription with Journals of Infectious Diseases or on its own.